Table 1. Summary of clinical trials conducted using milk components in antimicrobial applications

Milk component	Organism	Result of clinical trial	Reference
SlgA	Not specified	Reduced incidence of diarrhea	Tawfeek et al., 2003 [6]
SlgA	Enterotoxic Escherichia coli	Reduced incidence of infection by 90%	Otto et al., 2011 [7]
Lactoferrin	Not specified	Reduced duration and severity of diarrhea	Ochoa et al., 2012 and Laffan et al., 2011 [8,9]
	Not specified	Reduced incidence of bacterial and fungal sepsis in premature infants	Manzoni et al., 2009 and Manzoni et al., 2012 [10,11]
	Not specified	Reduced mortality in patients with acute bacteremia by 46%.	Guntupalli et al., 2013 [12]
	Helicobater pylori	Improved infection resolution rate when added to standard therapy	de Beortoli et al., 2007 [13]
	Hepatitis C virus	Improved treatment response when used in combination with standard therapy	Kaito et al., 2013 [14]
3’-Sialyllactose	Helicobacter pylori	No benefit	Parente et al., 2003 [15]

Adapted from Hill & Newburg [5].
SlgA, soluble immunoglobulin A.