Table 1 (A) Distribution of the most abundant Bifidobacterium species in the intestinal microbiota at different stages of life analyzed using different techniques

(A) Human population	Bifidobacterium spp.	Techniques	Reference
Infants
Breast-fed, 22~24 days of age	B. breve a	PCR	Matsuki et al., 1999
	B. longum ssp. longum, B. longum ssp. infantisb
Breast- and formula fed,	B. longum ssp. infantis	PCR	Haarman and Knol, 2005
28~90 days of age	B. breve, B. longum ssp. longum
Breast-fed, 1 month of age	B. longum	PCR	Gronlund et al., 2007
	B. bifidum, B. animalis, B. brebe
Breast-fed, 3~6 weeks of age	B. breve	PCR	Mikami et al., 2009
	B. longum ssp. longum, B. longum ssp. infantis
Full-term, 1 month of age	B. longum	q-PCR	Grzeskowiak et al., 2015
Preterm, CS, 1 month of age	B. longum, B. lactis
Preterm, Vaginal, 1 month of age	B. longum, B. bifidum
Twins, 1 month of age	B. breve	16S Metagenomics	Murphy et al., 2015
Fraternal infant, 1 month of age	B. breve, B. longum
	B. dentium, B. adolescentis
Adults
23~54 years old, Japanese	B. catenulatum	PCR	Matsuki et al., 1999
	B. longum, B. adolescentis
25~59 years old, Japanese	B. longum	q-PCR	Matsuki et al., 2004
	B. adolescentis, B. catenulatum
≤57 years old, Russian	B. adolescentis	MALDI-TOF	Chplin et al., 2015
20~40 years old, Finnish	B. longum	q-PCR	Gueinmonde et al., 2007
	B. catenulatum
18~39 years old, lean subjects(BMI=19.83±0.94 kg/m2)	B. longum	q-PCR	Mayorga Reyes et al., 2016
Elderly
69~89 years old, French	B. adolescentis	DNA-DNA hybridization	Gavini et al., 2001
	B. longum
67~75 years old, Scottish	B. angulatum	Culture-based analyses	Woodmansey et al., 2004
	B. longum
>70 years old, Finish	B. catenulatum	q-PCR	Gueimonde et al., 2007
	B. longum, B. bifidum
77~95 years old, Spanish	B. longum	q-PCR	Salazar et al., 2013
	B. bifidum, B. pseudocatenulatum
Centenaries
100~104 years old, Italian	B. longum	Culture-based analyses	Drago et al., 2012
	B. adolescentis, B. bifidum
80~108 years old, Chinese	B. dentium	q-PCR	Wang et al., 2015
	B. longum
(B) Disease in human population	Bifidobacterium spp.	Techniques	Reference
Infants
Allergic mothers	↑B. adolescentis	q-PCR	Gronlund et al., 2007
Coeliac disease(Non-active)	↓B. longum;↑B. dentium	q-PCR	Collado et al., 2008a
Celiac disease	↓B. longum	q-PCR	Palma et al., 2012
Allergic disease	↓B. longum	Culture-based	Akay et al., 2014
	↑B. pseudocatenulatum,	analyses
	B. catenulatum
Adults		PCR-DGGE	Stsepetova et al., 2007
Allergy	↑B. adolescentis	q-PCR	Kerchhoffs et al., 2009
IBS	↓B. catenulatum	q-PCR	Lyra et al., 2009
IBS	↓B. catenulatum/pseudocatenulatum	HITChip phylogenetic	Rajilic-Stojanovic et al., 2009
IBS	↓B. pseudocatenulatum, B. gallicum	microarray
IBS	↑B. adolescentis	16S Metagenomics	Jeffery et al., 2012
Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis	↑B. dentium	PCR-DGGE and q-PCR	Xu et al., 2012
	↓B. catenulatum, B. longum
Obesity	↓B. animalis	q-PCR	Million et al., 2013
Cystic fibrosis	↓B. catenulatum/pseudocatenulatum	PCR-DGGE	Duytschaever et al., 2013
	B. longum, B. adolescentis
Long-term asthma	↑B. adolescentis	16S Metagenomics	Hevia et al., 2016

^a First row indicates the most abundant species found. ^b Second row indicates other abundant species found. (B) Studies focusing on Bifidobacterium species altered in certain diseases. ↑ Increased levels; ↓ Decreased levels. (Arboleya et al., 2016)